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Sex differences in psychology or gender differences are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes, and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors. Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, and tendency towards aggression. Such variation may be both innate or learned and is often very difficult to distinguish. Modern research attempts to distinguish between such differences, and to analyze any ethical concerns raised. Since behavior is a result of interactions between nature and nurture researchers are interested in investigating how biology and environment interact to produce such differences,〔〔〔Fausto-Sterling, A., (2012). Sex/Gender: Biology in a Social World. NY: Routledge.〕 although this is often not possible. A number of factors combine to influence the development of sex differences, including genetics and epigenetics;〔Richardson, S. S. (2013) Sex Itself: The Search for Male and Female in the Human Genome Hardcover. Chicago: Chicago University Press.〕 differences in brain structure and function;〔Becker, J.B., Berkley, K. J., Geary, N., & Hampson, E. (2007) Sex Differences in the Brain: From Genes to Behavior by NY: Oxford University Press.〕 hormones;〔Helmuth, N. (1994). Hormones, Sex, and Society. NY: Praeger〕 or differences in psychological traits such as emotion, motivation, cognition, and sexuality.〔Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕〔Wilson, M. & Daly, M. (1983) Sex, evolution and behavior.〕〔Low, B. (2000). Why sex matters. NJ: Princeton University Press.〕〔Geary, D. C. (2009) Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association〕〔Gray, P. B. (2013). Evolution and Human Sexual Behavior. Boston: Harvard University Press.〕 Differences in socialization of males and females may decrease or increase the size of sex differences.〔Lippa, R. A. (2009). Gender, Nature, and Nurture. NY: LEA.〕〔Halpern, D. F. (2011). Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities (4th Edition). NY: Psychology Press〕〔 == History == Beliefs about sex differences have likely existed through the entire history of humanity.〔Halpern, D. (2012). Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities (4th Ed.). NY: Psychology Press. p. 2.〕 In his 1859 book On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin proposed that, like physical traits, psychological traits evolve through the process of sexual selection: Two of his later books, ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex'' (1871) and ''The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals'' (1872) explore the subject of psychological differences between the sexes. The ''The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex'' includes 70 pages on sexual selection in human evolution, some of which concerns psychological traits.〔Miller, Geoffrey (2000). The Mating Mind. Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. (First Anchor Books Edition, April 2001). New York, NY. Anchor ISBN 038549517X〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sex differences in psychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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